Human Services Program and Profession Unit 1 discussion Research Paper

Human Services Program and Profession Unit 1 conversation - Research Paper Example I perceived that it feels amazing to help with anything I can, for example, giving individuals help with different circumstances through the current information and assets I realize that can help. The vision that I could be an instrumental supporter of the advancement of mankind’s prosperity drove me to the field of human administrations. What are a portion of the populaces and profession settings you might want to work with later on? I presently am a single parent with three children and anything I realize I wouldn't fret sharing. A portion of the populaces I look forward working with are kids confronting different types of misuse. I imagine myself as a clinical social laborer and spotlight on discovering available resources to forestall and limit youngster misuse. The â€Å"Tips for Online Success† introduced in the Illinois Online Network proffered relevant strategies that would help understudies through the term. As revealed, the ten hints center around taking part; asking when a few regions need explanations; being effectively included and submitted; and exploiting the advantages of separation or internet learning. Truly, it is one’s individual dispute that when understudies are truly dedicated to realize, regardless of whether in customary study hall setting or through online modules, the goal to apply what one realized is of central

How to Register as a Government Contractor

The most effective method to Register as a Government Contractor For a huge number of independent ventures, contracting for the offer of their products and enterprises to the government offices opens the entryways of development, opportunity and, obviously, success. Be that as it may, before you can offer on and be granted government agreements, you or your business must be enrolled as government temporary worker. Getting enlisted as an administration contractual worker is a four-advance procedure. 1. Acquire a D-U-N-S Number You will initially need to acquire a Dun Bradstreet D-U-N-Sâ ® Number, a one of a kind nine-digit recognizable proof number for each physical area of your business. D-U-N-S Number task is free for all organizations required to enlist with the government for agreements or awards. Visit the D-U-N-S Request Service to enlist and get familiar with the D-U-N-S framework. 2. Register Your Business in the SAM Database The System Award Management (SAM) asset is the database of merchants of products and ventures working with the government. Now and then called â€Å"self-certifying,† SAM enrollment is required by the Federal Acquisitions Regulations (FAR) for every single planned merchant. SAM enrollment must be finished before your business can be granted any administration contract, fundamental understanding, essential requesting understanding, or cover buy understanding. SAM enrollment is free and should be possible totally on the web. As a major aspect of SAM enlistment process you will have the option to record your business’ size and financial status, just as all FAR-required sales provisions and confirmations. These accreditations are clarified in the Offeror’s Representations and Certifications - Commercial Items segment of the FAR. SAM enrollment likewise fills in as an important promoting instrument for government contracting organizations. The government organizations routinely search the SAM database to discover imminent merchants dependent on products and ventures gave, size, area, experience, possession and that's just the beginning. Likewise, SAM educates the offices regarding firms that are confirmed under the SBA’s 8(a) Development and HUBZone programs. 3. Discover Your Company’s NAICS Code While it’s not completely important, odds are you should locate your North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code. NAICS codes order organizations as indicated by their financial division, industry, and area. Contingent upon the items and administrations they offer, numerous organizations may fit udner different NAICS industry codes. At the point when you register your business in the SAM database, make certain to list the entirety of its appropriate NAICS codes. 4. Acquire Past Performance Evaluations On the off chance that you need to get in on the worthwhile General Services Administration (GSA) agreements and you should need to you have to get a Past Performance Evaluation report from Open Ratings, Inc. Open Ratings leads a free review of client references and ascertains a rating dependent on a measurable investigation of different execution information and overview reactions. While some GSA sales for offers do contain the structure to demand an Open Ratings Past Performance Evaluation, sellers may present an online solicitation straightforwardly to Open Ratings, Inc. Things You Will Need for Registration Here are a portion of the things you will require while enlisting your business. Your NAICS codesYour DUNS - Data Universal Numbering System numberYour Federal Tax Identification Number (TIN or EIN)Your Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codesYour Product Service codes (discretionary yet helpful)Your Federal Supply Classification codes (discretionary however accommodating) Clearly, these codes and confirmations are intended for making it simpler for the government buying and contracting specialists to discover your business and match it to their particular needs.â US Government Contracting Rules to Know When you are enrolled as an administration contractual worker, you will be required to agree to a few laws, rules, guidelines, and methodology while working with the legislature. By a wide margin the two generally significant of these laws are the previously mentioned Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) and the 1994 Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA). In any case, there are numerous different laws and guidelines that manage government contracting. Government Contracting Procedures Briefly Every office of the national government conducts business with the general population through three explicit approved specialists, called contracting officials. These officials are: The Procurement Contracting Officer (PCO)- grants agreements and manages contract terminations in the occasion the temporary worker defaults on the standing of the contract.The Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO)- oversees the contract.The Termination Contracting Officer (TCO)- manages contract terminations when the administration decides to end the agreement for its own reasons. Contingent upon the circumstance, a similar individual may the PCO, the ACO, and the TCO. As a sovereign substance (the sole decision power), the government holds rights that business organizations don't have. Maybe above all, the legislature has the option to singularly change the conditions of the agreement, given that the progressions are inside the general parameters of the agreement.

Columbians Recount, Respond to Haiti Quake COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Columbians Recount, Respond to Haiti Quake COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Last week I noted that some SIPA students were in Haiti as part of their professional development work when the earthquake occurred.   The Record, a Columbia University publication, recently ran an article about the SIPA students and others from around the University that were in Haiti at the time.   A portion of the article is below and to view the whole article please visit the web site of The Record. Shortly before 5:00 p.m. on Jan. 12, Elisabeth Lindenmayer, director of the United Nations program at the Columbia School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), was in Port-au-Prince with six of her students, exiting a van outside the United Nations Development Programme building. A longtime U.N. peacekeeper and former assistant secretary general and deputy chief of staff to Kofi Annan, she and her students were in Haiti for a week-long trip. They were conducting research on the role of the private sector in social and economic development and its link to state-building. After close to a week of interviews, they were scheduled to leave the next morning. As they stepped onto the street, the earth shuddered. The building they were about to enter started to crack, and a deafening roar filled the air. “Get out,” Lindenmayer yelled. Some students threw themselves on the ground; others stayed in the van. Although members of the Columbia community lost family and friends, the Columbians who were in Haiti were extraordinarily lucky. Remarkably, no one was injured, and a total of 10 students, faculty and staff members were able to be evacuated out of the country with support from a team working from Morningside Heights.

Small business performance in Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2532 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? An empirical study on Malaysian small firms This research has been conducted in order to understand how the market orientation influences the business performances of various small firms in the small towns in Malaysia. The research has been conducted on as many as 53 individual short firms operating in Malaysia in order to have an idea about the market orientations role in the performance. The main question for the research has been what is the role of the market orientation in the performance of the small firms in Malaysia? The entire market orientation has been studied at first for the purpose of the research. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Small business performance in Malaysia" essay for you Create order Once the market orientation has been understood two hypotheses have been made on the role of different market orientation properties on the performance of the small firms in Malaysia. The two variables that were concerned in the conduction of this research are the performance of the small firms and the market orientation. In order to study the market orientation of the small town markets in Malaysia it has been divided into three components the customer orientation, the competitor orientation and inter functional co ordination. The other variable that has been studied is the performance of the small firms it has been analyzed primarily based upon the return on investment of the firm, the sales growth rate and the customer retention capabilities of the firm. The research shows that the market orientation plays a key role in the performance of the small firms in the Malaysian country. Thus it is important for the companies to be on their toes in order to adapt quickly to the c hanging customer preferences, economy and the market competition in order to attain success in the market. Mostly it has been seen that the small firms are driven by the competition orientation rather than the customer orientation. The research has been successfully conducted but the main concern is the limited sample on which the research has been conducted it reduces the scope and the generalization of the research. So further research should be conducted on the other small firms in order to know how the market orientation influences the small firms. It can also be researched to know that how the different factors affect the performance of the firms individually this might also help in order to make the small firms function even better. All the ethical rules have been maintained in order to conduct this research. The most interesting thing about the research is it deals with all the small firms. Mostly the big and the well established firms are the subject of researches. As thi s research is about the small firms and it concerns as many as 53 small firms it makes the research process dynamic and also much more interesting. Moreover this is a domain which has not been researched much as normally the large companies take away the lime light from the small firms. The research also provides an insight into the Malaysian market and how things work there specially the small town markets. LEVEL OF JOB SATISFACTION AND INTENT TO LEAVE AMONG MALAYSIAN NURSES This study has been performed in order to gather knowledge about the level of job satisfaction and the intent to take leaves among the Malaysian nurses. The study analyzes two things that are mutually dependant in a certain way and thus it also helps to understand the working environment of the Malaysian nurses too. The primary question for the research is how satisfied the Malaysian nurses are from their jobs? Nursing being a popular profession in Malaysia makes the research reasonable and interesting in a certain way. The subjects for the research are the nurses and in order to collect authentic information a cross-sectional survey of 153 nurses working in a public sector hospital has been performed after a detailed literature review. The two essential variables that were required to be analyzed in this case study includes the job satisfaction of the nurses and the intent to leave of the nurses. The job satisfaction is measured with the help of the six facets of job satisfa ction initially drafted by Wood et al. the facets include the satisfaction with supervisor, variety, closure, compensation, coworker and management. The intent to leave is analyzed on basis of three conditions whether the person want to leave the organization now, whether he wants to leave it in the recent times, or whether he wants to leave the job in the near future. The research evidently shows that the majority of the nurses have a low to moderate job satisfaction. Though the satisfaction with the co workers is considerably high but all other facets show comparatively low order of satisfaction thus a large number of the nurses have shown intent to leave the organization. This is the answer obtained to the research questions. The research has been conducted in a very systematic way which is also responsible for the success of the research. At first the literature review has been done on the subject matter before deciding upon the research methodology and executing it. 1. 39 among 1000 people in Malaysia is working as nurse and it is thus quite understandable in order to conduct a research that concerns with how satisfied this huge section of the society is with their jobs. The methods and the instruments chosen are also highly efficient and eligible enough to go the root of the subject. The research has also been conducted in the most ethical way which is possible maintaining all the rules and regulations of the hospital authority while conducting the survey among the nurses. But this research mainly concerns the Perlis hospital and thus it does not show the job satisfaction of the Malaysian nurse at a general level as a different hospital having a different management, supervisors, co workers and HR policy will have a totally environment for the nurses to work in. Thus next such type of research should be conducted in more hospitals in the country to have a clear perception about the job satisfaction of the entire set of people in Malaysia who work in the nursing profession. Do Some Business Models Perform Better than Others? The model of a business is very essential for the success of the business. The selection of the business model is also a headache for the new business man as the business model should be compatible with both internal and external environment completely to ensure the success of the business. This research thus analyzes the four different types of business models based on what asset rights are sold. The research question is to find whether some business model performs better than the other or not? The research concerns the study of the four different types of business models based on the asset rights that are sold. For detailed study the four types are again subdivided into four variations depending upon the type of assets that the business is associated with it. This includes the Financial, physical, intangible and human resources. In order to conduct the research the different statistical calculations have been made to analyze the performance of each business model and in order to verify whether any business model performs better than the others or not. To make the calculations different data about the finances of various types of business firms has been studied in details. The primary variable associated with the research is Performance. In order to calculate the performance of the business models different techniques has been implemented which includes MKTCAP, COMPUSTAT-CASP, Apart from that there has been a whole lot of statistical data that were required in order to understand the performance of the business and to analyze it statistically with the help of various techniques. The result evidently shows that some business model actually performs better than the others and the performance they show statistically proves the result. Though at present the outcome can only be considered hypothetical due to the not consideration of the time coefficients in the performance analysis. Still the hypothesis is more or less clear that the performance for some model has to be better than the others. The research is a first of its kind on business models which makes it interesting in the first place as it helps to identify how the difference in asset rights can eventually change the performance of an organization. The research has also been conducted in a well structured and systematic form in order to ensure that the findings of the research are valid and authentic. The detailed study helped to develop the hypothesis but it has not been possible to comment about the findings with absolute surety. This is due to the fact that the time dependency has not been considered. Thus the exact cause of the superiority of some business models compared to others has not been known accurately. Though assumptions can be made like the complex interdependency of the firms makes it difficult for the competitors to analyze the company there by helping in its performance thus this research has paved the way for further research to analyze the reason for the superiority of some business models. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR MANUFACTURERS’ AND RETAILERS’ BRANDS This research has been based upon the Taiwan retail outlets and it deals with the comparative study of the different marketing strategies. The retail outlets can be classified on basis of their marketing strategies. The manufacturer or the retailer either implements a high quality and high price strategy followed up by the proper promotion and the development of the brand equity. While there are some outlets implementing a low price, brand endorsed, and promotion based strategy. This research compares the outcomes of these two marketing strategies. The primary research question is which of the two strategy yields better outcome for the organization? The research has been executed in a very systematic manner at first the literatures related to the subject matter has been studied to get a grasp over the subject then the data is found with the help of a consumer survey of the consumers of RT-Mart, Carrefour, Geant, Welcome, and Watsons. All these companies are part of the Taiwan re tail outlets. The main variables concerned with the research includes the different aspects like the pricing strategy, the marketing strategy, the perceived quality, the purchase intention, the brand image and the brand loyalty. The factors have been studied separately for manufacturing and retailing units. To analyze the responses and to find answers to the research question the SPSS software has been put into use. Help has also been taken from the Structural Equation model that has been studied with the help of Chi-square significance test. The research shows that the store image has a more key role to play in the performance of the company compared to brand value. The increase in brand equity increases the consumer’s purchase intentions. Low price strategy, endorsement by famous entity, appropriate promotional activities all enhances the purchase intentions of the consumers. Though there is market for high priced products too. In order to conduct business successf ully for any company it is important to know what should be the correct strategy to attract the maximum numbers of customers. This research aims to find the correct strategy for selling a product from the retail or the manufacturing terminals of the Taiwan research outlets. A large section of the customers has been surveyed to get the desired result. But the sample size is not big enough to consider the research findings absolutely general. A wider approach for the research would have added more value to the research making it more general. It is helpful for the new business as it provides a complete inside view into the market of the manufacturers and the retailers thus they can be able to draft a strategy worthy of hiking the purchase intentions of the customers. The researches have also been done very ethically and in the most systematic way and the companies were even informed over telephone that the survey will be conducted over their customers. The data that was collected has been studied in details and analyzed statistically to ensure the best results. A PROCESS VIEW OF SWOT ANALYSIS This hypothesis deals with the process of drawing an analogy between the Chinese five elements theory and the SWOT Analysis. The study makes an attempt to perform SWOT analysis based upon the five different stages of businesses prevalent in the Chinese theory. As per the theory of the Chinese elements the life of every organization can be divided into birth, growth, harvesting, storage, and transformation. The research aims to establish an analogy between the SWOT analysis and the Chinese five element theory. The analogy helps in the better understanding of the market as well as of a particular organization. The study has taken shape with the help of simple comparison and analysis techniques where each quadrant of the 22 SWOT matrixes has been compared with a building block of the Chinese 5 element theory. The study also involved the detailed analysis of all the attributes that are part of the SWOT analysis or the five elements theory. The main variable of the research includ es the Strength-Weakness-Opportunities and threats of an organization required for the SWOT analysis and also the concept of birth, growth, harvesting, storage and transformation of a company. The concepts have been studied from various literature sources available on the subject matter and finally they have been put together in order to achieve the desired result of the research. The research shows that SWOT analysis is similar to the Chinese 5 elements theory entirely. Four of the elements that are birth, growth, harvesting and storage are similar to the four quadrant of the SWOT analysis while the transition from one quadrant to another or the link between the four quadrants is formed by the transformation element. Thus this research helped to identify how the basic pattern of SWOT analysis is in other words it provided a view of the process of the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is an important tool of market analysis. Especially in the case of competition analysis as the SWO T analysis provides a complete view of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats of a particular organization thus making it easy to compete with the company in the market. This research has successfully established a process view of the SWOT analysis. Moreover the research has made an attempt to decode two popular marketing tools in order to show that the basics of both the tools are same. The analogy helps in better understanding of the market and the organization. The research required a consolidate base about the subject matter as without that it would not have been possible to draw the conceptual analogy. Apart from that this research also shows how an organization discovers its different facets in the course of its growth from a budding company to an essential part of the market. The procedural view of the SWOT is pretty clear though the next step would be to implement the research in a real time organization as that would help to establish the findings of th e research in a better and more practical way.

Personal Statement Practicing Happiness Activities

In the past week, a lot of changes occurred in my life: the birth of my second daughter, invitations to interviews for Graduate programs, visit of mother-in-law, and the midterm exam. I have decided that practicing happiness activities would fit perfectly into this chaotic week and I am glad I did. Normally, I would practice physical activity, as I did for the past six years, but given that I just had a child, physical activity was out of option, so I had to choose an alternative method to increase my happiness. One of the activities was avoiding overthinking. I had a habit of ruminating, which made me miserable, especially since the time, my first child was born. I was thinking how to handle school, parenting, social connections, volunteering work. Now, having a 2nd child, I was pondering even more, which honestly lead to mild depression. For one week, while trying to avoid overthinking, I became happier. I stopped worrying about school, graduate applications process, how to be a pe rfect wife and mother. Worrying won’t help in any way. So instead of overthinking, I just act to solve the problems. I spend time with kids and family, study and try to socialize whenever I have time. Another activity I was trying to practice, developing strategies for coping. Now I realize that this one was harder to follow. Problem-focused coping was easier to follow, especially when kids were asleep. During that time, I could create a plan of action, concentrate on completing homework withoutShow MoreRelatedVirtue Vs. Moral Virtue938 Words   |  4 Pagesway and treat everyone equally. Or maybe it’s a belief or religion which carries its own sets of rules and regulations. Many individuals are mistaken for the true definition of virtue; virtue is a theory used to make moral decisions which leads to happiness. Moral virtue is to be learned through habit and practice, which makes one into a better person. It is not something we can easily comprehend and then apply it with logic; rather it is something that we must live spontaneously. Nor is it based onRead MoreThe Upper Class1039 Words   |  5 Pages It is popular to assume that an upper-class child would more easily reach self-fulfillment than a lower class child. However, I would strongly disagree with this statement. As a young girl who grew up in a strict upper class conservative family, I lacked of many liberties from a young age because of my social status and gender. For instance, I could not walk out of my house without a chaperon until I was twelve. I was often told to keep quiet. I was asked to display my culture and knowledge in galasRead MoreThe Prayer Should Be Allowed At Public Universities, Organized Team Prayer Before And After Game? Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesof spirituality it is important to note up to date definitions. 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His main competitor though was a boy named Tommy Gallagher. Often, the two boys would compete with the victor being Gallagher. Yet, Hogan was never discouraged as he accepted the loss with graciousness. So, he continued to playRead MoreComparison between the Church of Latter Day Saints and the United Church of God2864 Words   |  12 PagesWorld Religions - Personal Religion Comparison Laura Ricketts HUM 130 January 17, 2011 Ken Linder World Religions - Personal Religion Comparison â€Å"The chief feature of the Mormon Church, more formally known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, that distinguishes it from the many variations of mainstream Christianity is that Mormons believe not only in the Bible but also in another scripture, The Book of Mormon† (Fisher, 2005, pp. 453-454). 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For instance, in The Sirens of Titan, by Kurt Vonnegut, Malachi Constant thinks he is truly happy, but what he really does is fulfill his hedonism, satisfy his shallow needs, without truly searching for a higher form of well-being. Not only does aRead MoreSummary of the Seven Habits of Highly Effective People2323 Words   |  10 Pagesfirst three habits are focused on personal victories. They teach how to develop self-mastery and dependence. Those three habits are: Be Proactive, Begin with the End in Mind, and Put First Things First. Habits four, five, and six address interdependence, the success in working with others. Habit four: Think Win-Win, habit five: Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood, and habit six: Synergize. The seventh habit: Sharpen the Saw, talks about building one’s personal production capability through

How My Brother Brought Home a Wife Free Essays

Republic of the Philippines Bulacan State University Office of the Student Government City of Malolos, Bulacan Supreme Student CouncilS. Y. 2012-2013Ron Elli Q, SantosSenator, Supreme Student CouncilChair, Finance CommitteeKrissia Bianca R. We will write a custom essay sample on How My Brother Brought Home a Wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now De JesusVice President, Supreme Student CouncilHead, Legislative BodyJulius S. DadoPresident, Supreme Student CouncilStudent RegentNoted:Ricardo B. Capule, Jr. Adviser, Student GovernmentRecommending Approval:Dr. Evangeline G. CustodioVice President, Administration and FinanceDr. Nicanor C. Dela Rama, PMEDean, Student Affairs and ServicesApproved By:Dr. Mariano C. De JesusUniversity President| Resolution Number ______, s. 2012-2013 â€Å"A resolution requesting the bulacan state university administration to release the amount of Php 7,000. 00 for financial assistance for the rock our music association of the student in the university (romasu) for their skate competition for the upcoming university foundation week† WHEREAS, the Student Government is mandated to promote the welfare and defend the rights of its constituents; WHEREAS, the Student Government is composed of Supreme Student Council, Local Student Councils, and Satellite Campus Student Councils; WHEREAS, the Supreme Student Council is composed of President, Vice President, five Senators, and four Ex-officio Senators; WHEREAS, the remaining SG Fund is sufficient to finance this resolution; WHEREAS,the fund will be used for financial assistance for the rock our music association of the student in the university (romasu) for their skate competition for the upcoming university foundation week. NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved that we, the members of the Supreme Student Council seek for the release of PhP7,000. 00to finance this resolution; RESOLVED, further mentioned this resolution will be approved by the Bulacan State University President DONE, this 24th of november, in the year of our Lord Two Thousand Twelve at Bulacan State University, City of Malolos, Bulacan. Check to be named to:Ron Elli Q, Santos Patrick jan d. carpio Senator, Supreme Student Council Students’ right and welfare Committee How to cite How My Brother Brought Home a Wife, Essay examples

PSYCH THEORIES Essay Example For Students

PSYCH THEORIES Essay On Narcissism: Psychological Theories and Therapeutic Interventions in the Narcissistic DisordersIntroductionUnderstanding the Narcissistic PhenomenonThe so called narcissistic personality disorder is a complex and often misunderstood disorder. The cardinal feature of the narcissistic personality is the grandiose sense of self importance, but paradoxically underneath this grandiosity the narcissist suffers from a chronically fragile low self esteem. The grandiosity of the narcissist, however, is often so pervasive that we tend to dehumanize him or her. The narcissist conjures in us images of the mythological character Narcissus who could only love himself, rebuffing anyone who attempted to touch him. Nevertheless, it is the underlying sense of inferiority which is the real problem of the narcissist, the grandiosity is just a facade used to cover the deep feelings of inadequacy. The Makeup of the Narcissistic PersonalityThe narcissists grandiose behavior is designed to reaffirm his or her sense of adequacy. Since the narcissist is incapable of asserting his or her own sense of adequacy, the narcissist seeks to be admired by others. However, the narcissists extremely fragile sense of self worth does not allow him or her to risk any criticism. Therefore, meaningful emotional interactions with others are avoided. By simultaneously seeking the admiration of others and keeping them at a distance the narcissist is usually able to maintain the illusion of grandiosity no matter how people respond. Thus, when people praise the narcissist his or her grandiosity will increase, but when criticized the grandiosity will usually remain unaffected because the narcissist will devalue the criticizing person. Akhtar (1989) as cited in Carson Butcher, 1992; P. 271 discusses six areas of pathological functioning which characterize the narcissist. In particular, four of these na rcissistic character traits best illustrate the pattern discussed above.(1) a narcissistic individual has a basic sense of inferiority, which underlies a preoccupation with fantasies of outstanding achievement; (2) a narcissistic individual is unable to trust and rely on others and thus develops numerous, shallow relationships to extract tributes from others; (3) a narcissistic individual has a shifting morality-always ready to shift values to gain favor; and (4) a narcissistic person is unable to remain in love, showing an impaired capacity for a committed relationship. The Therapeutic Essence of Treating NarcissismThe narcissist who enters therapy does not think that there is something wrong with him or her. Typically, the narcissist seeks therapy because he or she is unable to maintain the grandiosity which protects him or her from the feelings of despair. The narcissist views his or her situation arising not as a result of a personal maladjustment; rather it is some factor in th e environment which is beyond the narcissists controlwhich has caused his or her present situation. Therefore, the narcissist expects the therapist not to cure him or her from a problem which he or she does not perceive to exist, rather the narcissist expects the therapist to restore the protective feeling of grandiosity. It is therefore essential for the therapist to be alert to the narcissists attempts to steer therapy towards healing the injured grandiose part, rather than exploringthe underlying feelings of inferiority and despair. Differential Psychological Views of NarcissismThe use of the term narcissism in relation to psychological phenomena was first made by Ellis in 1898. Ellis described a special state of auto-erotism as Narcissus like, in which the sexual feelings become absorbed in self admiration (Goldberg, 1980). The term was later incorporated into Freuds psychoanalytic theory in 1914 in his essay On Narcissism. Freud conceptualized narcissism as a as a sexual perversion involving a pathological sexual love to ones own body (Sandler Person, 1991). Henceforth, several psychological theories have attempted to explain and treat the narcissistic phenomenon. Specifically, the most comprehensive psychological theories have been advanced by the psychodynamic perspective and to a lesser extent the Jungian (analytical) perspective. Essentially, both theories cite developmental problems in childhood as leading to the development of the narcissistic disorder. The existential school has also attempted to deal with the narcissistic problem, although the available literature is much smaller. Existentialists postulate that society as a whole can be the crucial factor in the development of narcissism. The final perspective to be discussed is the humanistic approach which although lacking a specific theory on narcissism, can nevertheless be applied to the narcissistic disorder. In many ways the humanistic approach to narcissism echoes the sentiments of the psychodynamic approach. The Psychodynamic Perspective of NarcissismThe psychodynamic model of narcissism is dominated by two overlapping schools of thought, the self psychology school and the object relations school. The self psychology school, represented by Kohut, posits that narcissism is a component of everyones psyche. We are all born as narcissists and gradually our infantile narcissism matures into a healthy adult narcissism. A narcissistic disorder results when this process is somehow disrupted. By contrast the object relations scho ol, represented by Kernberg, argues that narcissism does not result from the arrest of the normal maturation of infantile narcissism, rather a narcissism represents a fixation in one of the developmental periods of childhood. Specifically, the narcissist is fixated at a developmental stage in which the differentiation between the self and others is blurred. Kohuts Theory of NarcissismKohut believes that narcissism is a normal developmental milestone, and the healthy person learns to transform his or her infantile narcissism into adult narcissism. This transformation takes place through the process which Kohut terms transmuting internalizations. As the infant is transformed into an adult he or she will invariably encounter various challenges resulting in some frustration. If this frustration exceeds thecoping abilities of the person only slightly the person experiences optimal frustration. Optimal frustration leads the person to develop a strong internal structure (i.e., a strong sense of the self) which is used to compensate for the lack of external structure (i.e., support from others). In the narcissist the process of transmuting internalizations is arrested because the person experiences a level of frustration which exceeds optimal frustration. The narcissist thus remains stuck at the infantile level, displaying many of the character istics of the omnipotent and invulnerable child (Kohut, 1977). Kernbergs Theory of NarcissismKernbergs views on narcissism are based on Mahlers theory of the separation-individuation process in infancy and early childhood. Mahlers model discusses how the developing child gains a stable self concept by successfully mastering the two forerunner phases (normal autism and normal symbiosis) and the four subphases (differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and consolidation) of separation-individuation. Kernberg argues that the narcissist is unable to successfully master the rapprochement subphase and is thus fixated at this level. It is essential, however, to understand the dynamics of the practicing subphase before proceeding to tackle the narcissists fixation at the rapprochement subphase. The practicing subphase (age 10 to 14 months) marks the developmental stage at which the child learns to walk. The ability to walk gives the child a whole new perspective of the world around him. This new ability endows the child with a sense of grandiosity and omnipotence which closely resemble the narcissists behavior. However, reality soon catches up with the child as the child enters the rapprochement subphase(age 14 to 24 months). At this stage the child discovers that he or she is not omnipotent, that there are limits to what he or she can do. According to Kernberg if the child is severely frustrated at this stage he or she can adapt by re-fusing or returning to the practicing subphase, which affords him the security of grandiosity and omnipotence (Kernberg, 1976). The Preferred Psychodynamic model The Psychodynamic literature in general tends to lean towards the object relations school because of the emphasis it places on a comprehensive developmental explanation (i.e. the use of Mahlers individuation-separation model). Nevertheless, the theory of Kohut has left a deep impression on Psychodynamic thinking as is evident by the utilization of many of his concepts in the literature (i.e. Johnson, 1987; Manfield, 1992; and Masterson, 1 981). Therefore in the remainder of the Psychodynamic section a similar approach will be taken, by emphasizing object relations concepts with the utilization of the occasional Kohutian idea.The Emergence of the Narcissistic PersonalityAccording to Kernberg and the object relations school the crisis of the rapprochement subphase is critical to the development of the narcissistic personality. The individual who is unable to successfully master the challenges of this stage will sustain a narcissistic injury. In essence the narcissistic injury will occur whenever the environment (in particular significant others) needs the individual to be something which he or she is not. The narcissistically injured individual is thus told Dont be who you are, be who I need you to be. Who you are disappoints me, threatens me angers me, overstimulates me. Be what I want and I will love you (Johnson, 1987; P. 39). The narcissistic injury devastates the individuals emerging self. Unable to be what he or she truly is the narcissistically injured person adapts by splitting his personality into what Kohut terms the nuclear (real) self and the false self. The real self becomes fragmented and repressed, whereas the false self takes over the individual. The narcissist thus learns to reject himself or herself by hiding what has been rejected by others. Subsequently, the narcissist will attempt to compensate for his or her deficiencies by trying to impress others through his or her grandiosity. The narcissist essentially decides that There is something wrong with me as I am. Therefore, I must be special (Johnson, 1987; P. 53). The Narcissists View of OthersJust as the individual becomes narcissistic because that is what the environment needed him or her to be, so does the narcissist view others not as they are, but as what he or she needs them to be. Others are thus perceived to exist only in relation to the narcissists needs. The term object relations thus takes on a special meaning with the narcissist. We are objects to him, and to the extent that we are narcissistic, others are objects to us. He doesnt really see and hear and feel who we are and, to the extent that we are narcissistic, we do not really see and hear and feel the true presence of others. They, we, are objects I am not real. You are not real. You are an object to me. I am an object to you (Johnson, 1987; P. 48). It is apparent than that the narcissist maintains the infantile illusion of being merged to the object. At a psychological level he or she experiences difficulties in differentiating the self from others. It is the extent of this inability to distinguish personal boundaries which determines the severity of the narcissistic disorder (Johnson, 1987). Hysteria in The Crucible EssayAnalytical Treatment of NarcissismSince the narcissistic condition is a manifestation of Self-estrangement, the analytical therapist attempts to heal the rupture in the ego-Self axis bond, which was created by the lack of good enough mothering. To heal this rupture the therapist must convey to the narcissist through emphatic means that others do care about him or her; that is the therapist must repair the archetype of the good mother through a maternally caring approach (Asper, 1993). A maternal approach involves being attentive to the narcissists needs. Just as a mother can intuitively sense her babys needs so must the therapist feel and observe what is not verbally expressed by the narcissist. Such a maternal approach allows the narcissist to experience more sympathy towards his or her true feelings and thus gradually the need to withdraw into the narcissistic defense disappears (Asper, 1993). The Existential Perspective of NarcissismExistentialists perceive narcissism to be a byproduct of an alienating society. It is difficult for the individual to truly be himself or herself because society offers many rewards for the individual who conforms to its rules. Such an individual becomes alienated because he or she feels that societys rituals and demands grant him or her little significance and options in the control of his or her own destiny. To compensate such an individual takes pleasure in his or her own uniqueness (grandiosity), he or she enjoys what others cannot see and control. Thus, the alienated person sees himself as a puppet cued by social circumstances which exact ritualized performances from him. His irritation about the inevitability of this is counterbalanced by one major consolation. This consists of his narcissistic affection for his own machinery-that is, his own processes and parts (Johnson, 1977; P. 141).Existential Treatment of NarcissismThe existential treatment of the narcissist is based on the existential t enant that all existing persons have the need and possibility of going out from their centeredness to participate in other beings (Monte, 1991; P. 492). The severely alienated narcissistic individual, however, does not believe in the validity of experience outside of the self. Unlike others, the narcissist does not believe that a constructive relationship with others is possible. Existentialists therefore believe that the therapist, through emphatic understanding, must create a strong bond with the narcissist, so that he or she can see that others have feelings too (Johnson, 1977). The Humanistic (Client-Centered) Perspective of NarcissismThus far, no specific formulations have been advanced by humanistic theorists about the etiology of the narcissistic condition. Nevertheless, by utilizing general humanistic principles it is possible to explain narcissism. Essentially, much like the psychodynamic explanation, humanistic psychology would argue that narcissism results when individual s are not allowed to truly be who they are. According to humanistic theory, humans have an innate need for self actualization. We want to be the best person that we could possibly be. This is accomplished by internalizing the behaviors that fit with the individuals personal self concept (that which the individual finds to be appealing). However the self is also subject to pressure from significant others. Significant others place upon the individual, conditions of worth, upon which their love and approval is dependent. These conditions may or may not be congruent with the individuals personal self. If they contrast sharply with the personal self, and the individual does not want to risk loosing the approval or love of significant others, then that individual will behave in ways maladaptive to his or her self actualization needs. Although humanistic theory does not elaborate on the specificity of these maladaptive behaviors, it is possible to speculate that narcissism is one possible outcome. Specifically, the Words/ Pages : 5, 294 / 24