How My Brother Brought Home a Wife Free Essays

Republic of the Philippines Bulacan State University Office of the Student Government City of Malolos, Bulacan Supreme Student CouncilS. Y. 2012-2013Ron Elli Q, SantosSenator, Supreme Student CouncilChair, Finance CommitteeKrissia Bianca R. We will write a custom essay sample on How My Brother Brought Home a Wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now De JesusVice President, Supreme Student CouncilHead, Legislative BodyJulius S. DadoPresident, Supreme Student CouncilStudent RegentNoted:Ricardo B. Capule, Jr. Adviser, Student GovernmentRecommending Approval:Dr. Evangeline G. CustodioVice President, Administration and FinanceDr. Nicanor C. Dela Rama, PMEDean, Student Affairs and ServicesApproved By:Dr. Mariano C. De JesusUniversity President| Resolution Number ______, s. 2012-2013 â€Å"A resolution requesting the bulacan state university administration to release the amount of Php 7,000. 00 for financial assistance for the rock our music association of the student in the university (romasu) for their skate competition for the upcoming university foundation week† WHEREAS, the Student Government is mandated to promote the welfare and defend the rights of its constituents; WHEREAS, the Student Government is composed of Supreme Student Council, Local Student Councils, and Satellite Campus Student Councils; WHEREAS, the Supreme Student Council is composed of President, Vice President, five Senators, and four Ex-officio Senators; WHEREAS, the remaining SG Fund is sufficient to finance this resolution; WHEREAS,the fund will be used for financial assistance for the rock our music association of the student in the university (romasu) for their skate competition for the upcoming university foundation week. NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved that we, the members of the Supreme Student Council seek for the release of PhP7,000. 00to finance this resolution; RESOLVED, further mentioned this resolution will be approved by the Bulacan State University President DONE, this 24th of november, in the year of our Lord Two Thousand Twelve at Bulacan State University, City of Malolos, Bulacan. Check to be named to:Ron Elli Q, Santos Patrick jan d. carpio Senator, Supreme Student Council Students’ right and welfare Committee How to cite How My Brother Brought Home a Wife, Essay examples

PSYCH THEORIES Essay Example For Students

PSYCH THEORIES Essay On Narcissism: Psychological Theories and Therapeutic Interventions in the Narcissistic DisordersIntroductionUnderstanding the Narcissistic PhenomenonThe so called narcissistic personality disorder is a complex and often misunderstood disorder. The cardinal feature of the narcissistic personality is the grandiose sense of self importance, but paradoxically underneath this grandiosity the narcissist suffers from a chronically fragile low self esteem. The grandiosity of the narcissist, however, is often so pervasive that we tend to dehumanize him or her. The narcissist conjures in us images of the mythological character Narcissus who could only love himself, rebuffing anyone who attempted to touch him. Nevertheless, it is the underlying sense of inferiority which is the real problem of the narcissist, the grandiosity is just a facade used to cover the deep feelings of inadequacy. The Makeup of the Narcissistic PersonalityThe narcissists grandiose behavior is designed to reaffirm his or her sense of adequacy. Since the narcissist is incapable of asserting his or her own sense of adequacy, the narcissist seeks to be admired by others. However, the narcissists extremely fragile sense of self worth does not allow him or her to risk any criticism. Therefore, meaningful emotional interactions with others are avoided. By simultaneously seeking the admiration of others and keeping them at a distance the narcissist is usually able to maintain the illusion of grandiosity no matter how people respond. Thus, when people praise the narcissist his or her grandiosity will increase, but when criticized the grandiosity will usually remain unaffected because the narcissist will devalue the criticizing person. Akhtar (1989) as cited in Carson Butcher, 1992; P. 271 discusses six areas of pathological functioning which characterize the narcissist. In particular, four of these na rcissistic character traits best illustrate the pattern discussed above.(1) a narcissistic individual has a basic sense of inferiority, which underlies a preoccupation with fantasies of outstanding achievement; (2) a narcissistic individual is unable to trust and rely on others and thus develops numerous, shallow relationships to extract tributes from others; (3) a narcissistic individual has a shifting morality-always ready to shift values to gain favor; and (4) a narcissistic person is unable to remain in love, showing an impaired capacity for a committed relationship. The Therapeutic Essence of Treating NarcissismThe narcissist who enters therapy does not think that there is something wrong with him or her. Typically, the narcissist seeks therapy because he or she is unable to maintain the grandiosity which protects him or her from the feelings of despair. The narcissist views his or her situation arising not as a result of a personal maladjustment; rather it is some factor in th e environment which is beyond the narcissists controlwhich has caused his or her present situation. Therefore, the narcissist expects the therapist not to cure him or her from a problem which he or she does not perceive to exist, rather the narcissist expects the therapist to restore the protective feeling of grandiosity. It is therefore essential for the therapist to be alert to the narcissists attempts to steer therapy towards healing the injured grandiose part, rather than exploringthe underlying feelings of inferiority and despair. Differential Psychological Views of NarcissismThe use of the term narcissism in relation to psychological phenomena was first made by Ellis in 1898. Ellis described a special state of auto-erotism as Narcissus like, in which the sexual feelings become absorbed in self admiration (Goldberg, 1980). The term was later incorporated into Freuds psychoanalytic theory in 1914 in his essay On Narcissism. Freud conceptualized narcissism as a as a sexual perversion involving a pathological sexual love to ones own body (Sandler Person, 1991). Henceforth, several psychological theories have attempted to explain and treat the narcissistic phenomenon. Specifically, the most comprehensive psychological theories have been advanced by the psychodynamic perspective and to a lesser extent the Jungian (analytical) perspective. Essentially, both theories cite developmental problems in childhood as leading to the development of the narcissistic disorder. The existential school has also attempted to deal with the narcissistic problem, although the available literature is much smaller. Existentialists postulate that society as a whole can be the crucial factor in the development of narcissism. The final perspective to be discussed is the humanistic approach which although lacking a specific theory on narcissism, can nevertheless be applied to the narcissistic disorder. In many ways the humanistic approach to narcissism echoes the sentiments of the psychodynamic approach. The Psychodynamic Perspective of NarcissismThe psychodynamic model of narcissism is dominated by two overlapping schools of thought, the self psychology school and the object relations school. The self psychology school, represented by Kohut, posits that narcissism is a component of everyones psyche. We are all born as narcissists and gradually our infantile narcissism matures into a healthy adult narcissism. A narcissistic disorder results when this process is somehow disrupted. By contrast the object relations scho ol, represented by Kernberg, argues that narcissism does not result from the arrest of the normal maturation of infantile narcissism, rather a narcissism represents a fixation in one of the developmental periods of childhood. Specifically, the narcissist is fixated at a developmental stage in which the differentiation between the self and others is blurred. Kohuts Theory of NarcissismKohut believes that narcissism is a normal developmental milestone, and the healthy person learns to transform his or her infantile narcissism into adult narcissism. This transformation takes place through the process which Kohut terms transmuting internalizations. As the infant is transformed into an adult he or she will invariably encounter various challenges resulting in some frustration. If this frustration exceeds thecoping abilities of the person only slightly the person experiences optimal frustration. Optimal frustration leads the person to develop a strong internal structure (i.e., a strong sense of the self) which is used to compensate for the lack of external structure (i.e., support from others). In the narcissist the process of transmuting internalizations is arrested because the person experiences a level of frustration which exceeds optimal frustration. The narcissist thus remains stuck at the infantile level, displaying many of the character istics of the omnipotent and invulnerable child (Kohut, 1977). Kernbergs Theory of NarcissismKernbergs views on narcissism are based on Mahlers theory of the separation-individuation process in infancy and early childhood. Mahlers model discusses how the developing child gains a stable self concept by successfully mastering the two forerunner phases (normal autism and normal symbiosis) and the four subphases (differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and consolidation) of separation-individuation. Kernberg argues that the narcissist is unable to successfully master the rapprochement subphase and is thus fixated at this level. It is essential, however, to understand the dynamics of the practicing subphase before proceeding to tackle the narcissists fixation at the rapprochement subphase. The practicing subphase (age 10 to 14 months) marks the developmental stage at which the child learns to walk. The ability to walk gives the child a whole new perspective of the world around him. This new ability endows the child with a sense of grandiosity and omnipotence which closely resemble the narcissists behavior. However, reality soon catches up with the child as the child enters the rapprochement subphase(age 14 to 24 months). At this stage the child discovers that he or she is not omnipotent, that there are limits to what he or she can do. According to Kernberg if the child is severely frustrated at this stage he or she can adapt by re-fusing or returning to the practicing subphase, which affords him the security of grandiosity and omnipotence (Kernberg, 1976). The Preferred Psychodynamic model The Psychodynamic literature in general tends to lean towards the object relations school because of the emphasis it places on a comprehensive developmental explanation (i.e. the use of Mahlers individuation-separation model). Nevertheless, the theory of Kohut has left a deep impression on Psychodynamic thinking as is evident by the utilization of many of his concepts in the literature (i.e. Johnson, 1987; Manfield, 1992; and Masterson, 1 981). Therefore in the remainder of the Psychodynamic section a similar approach will be taken, by emphasizing object relations concepts with the utilization of the occasional Kohutian idea.The Emergence of the Narcissistic PersonalityAccording to Kernberg and the object relations school the crisis of the rapprochement subphase is critical to the development of the narcissistic personality. The individual who is unable to successfully master the challenges of this stage will sustain a narcissistic injury. In essence the narcissistic injury will occur whenever the environment (in particular significant others) needs the individual to be something which he or she is not. The narcissistically injured individual is thus told Dont be who you are, be who I need you to be. Who you are disappoints me, threatens me angers me, overstimulates me. Be what I want and I will love you (Johnson, 1987; P. 39). The narcissistic injury devastates the individuals emerging self. Unable to be what he or she truly is the narcissistically injured person adapts by splitting his personality into what Kohut terms the nuclear (real) self and the false self. The real self becomes fragmented and repressed, whereas the false self takes over the individual. The narcissist thus learns to reject himself or herself by hiding what has been rejected by others. Subsequently, the narcissist will attempt to compensate for his or her deficiencies by trying to impress others through his or her grandiosity. The narcissist essentially decides that There is something wrong with me as I am. Therefore, I must be special (Johnson, 1987; P. 53). The Narcissists View of OthersJust as the individual becomes narcissistic because that is what the environment needed him or her to be, so does the narcissist view others not as they are, but as what he or she needs them to be. Others are thus perceived to exist only in relation to the narcissists needs. The term object relations thus takes on a special meaning with the narcissist. We are objects to him, and to the extent that we are narcissistic, others are objects to us. He doesnt really see and hear and feel who we are and, to the extent that we are narcissistic, we do not really see and hear and feel the true presence of others. They, we, are objects I am not real. You are not real. You are an object to me. I am an object to you (Johnson, 1987; P. 48). It is apparent than that the narcissist maintains the infantile illusion of being merged to the object. At a psychological level he or she experiences difficulties in differentiating the self from others. It is the extent of this inability to distinguish personal boundaries which determines the severity of the narcissistic disorder (Johnson, 1987). Hysteria in The Crucible EssayAnalytical Treatment of NarcissismSince the narcissistic condition is a manifestation of Self-estrangement, the analytical therapist attempts to heal the rupture in the ego-Self axis bond, which was created by the lack of good enough mothering. To heal this rupture the therapist must convey to the narcissist through emphatic means that others do care about him or her; that is the therapist must repair the archetype of the good mother through a maternally caring approach (Asper, 1993). A maternal approach involves being attentive to the narcissists needs. Just as a mother can intuitively sense her babys needs so must the therapist feel and observe what is not verbally expressed by the narcissist. Such a maternal approach allows the narcissist to experience more sympathy towards his or her true feelings and thus gradually the need to withdraw into the narcissistic defense disappears (Asper, 1993). The Existential Perspective of NarcissismExistentialists perceive narcissism to be a byproduct of an alienating society. It is difficult for the individual to truly be himself or herself because society offers many rewards for the individual who conforms to its rules. Such an individual becomes alienated because he or she feels that societys rituals and demands grant him or her little significance and options in the control of his or her own destiny. To compensate such an individual takes pleasure in his or her own uniqueness (grandiosity), he or she enjoys what others cannot see and control. Thus, the alienated person sees himself as a puppet cued by social circumstances which exact ritualized performances from him. His irritation about the inevitability of this is counterbalanced by one major consolation. This consists of his narcissistic affection for his own machinery-that is, his own processes and parts (Johnson, 1977; P. 141).Existential Treatment of NarcissismThe existential treatment of the narcissist is based on the existential t enant that all existing persons have the need and possibility of going out from their centeredness to participate in other beings (Monte, 1991; P. 492). The severely alienated narcissistic individual, however, does not believe in the validity of experience outside of the self. Unlike others, the narcissist does not believe that a constructive relationship with others is possible. Existentialists therefore believe that the therapist, through emphatic understanding, must create a strong bond with the narcissist, so that he or she can see that others have feelings too (Johnson, 1977). The Humanistic (Client-Centered) Perspective of NarcissismThus far, no specific formulations have been advanced by humanistic theorists about the etiology of the narcissistic condition. Nevertheless, by utilizing general humanistic principles it is possible to explain narcissism. Essentially, much like the psychodynamic explanation, humanistic psychology would argue that narcissism results when individual s are not allowed to truly be who they are. According to humanistic theory, humans have an innate need for self actualization. We want to be the best person that we could possibly be. This is accomplished by internalizing the behaviors that fit with the individuals personal self concept (that which the individual finds to be appealing). However the self is also subject to pressure from significant others. Significant others place upon the individual, conditions of worth, upon which their love and approval is dependent. These conditions may or may not be congruent with the individuals personal self. If they contrast sharply with the personal self, and the individual does not want to risk loosing the approval or love of significant others, then that individual will behave in ways maladaptive to his or her self actualization needs. Although humanistic theory does not elaborate on the specificity of these maladaptive behaviors, it is possible to speculate that narcissism is one possible outcome. Specifically, the Words/ Pages : 5, 294 / 24

Hemmingway Essay Research Paper JanErik SaueEnglish 352 free essay sample

Hemmingway Essay, Research Paper Jan-Erik Saue English 352, Short Stories TTH 12:15 Concluding paper ERNEST HEMINGWAY ( 1899-1961 ) # 8220 ; You truly ought to read more books # 8211 ; you know, those things that look like blocks but come apart on one side. # 8221 ; F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1927 This is a paper about Ernest Hemingway # 8217 ; s short narratives The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1938? ) , Hills like White Elephants ( 1927 ) , Cat in the Rain ( 1923? ) , The Killers ( 1927 ) and A Clean Illuminated Topographic point ( 1933 ) . However, to understand Hemingway and his short narratives I find it necessary to take a brief expression at his life and background foremost. It is non easy to sum up Ernest Hemingway # 8217 ; s adventuresome life in a few paragraphs, but I # 8217 ; ve tried to concentrate on the most of import things before I started on the analysis of the five short narratives. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in oak Park, Illinois, July 21st 1899, and committed self-destruction July 2nd, 1961. In his life-time Hemingway managed to compose some of the best known novels of our century, including books such as The Sun Besides Rises, ( 1926 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) , Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) and For Whom the Bells Toll ( 1940 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Hemmingway Essay Research Paper JanErik SaueEnglish 352 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hemingway # 8217 ; s foremost published work was Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) and so In Our Time ( 1924 ) , before his celebrity grew with the publication of The Sun Besides Rises in 1926. By that clip Hemingway was married and had a kid, and he was working as a intelligence letter writer in Paris. At the age of 18 Ernest Hemingway signed up for the ground forces to contend in World War I, but because of his hapless vision he was non accepted in the combat forces. After a short span as a newsman in Kansas City, he joined the Red Cross as an ambulance driver. Three hebdomads after his reaching at the forepart, Hemingway was wounded and spent about six months in recuperating before he returned place to USA and a hero # 8217 ; s welcome. Hemingway # 8217 ; s experiences in Italy, his wounding and recovery, subsequently inspired his great novel A Farewell To Arms, and besides explains some of the dark, pessimistic spirit one can follow trough much of his ulterior work. After the return from Europe, Hemingway worked as a newsman for the Toronto Star Daily and in 1921 he moved to Paris as the paper # 8217 ; s European letter writer. Hemingway # 8217 ; s background as a newsman is clearly shown in most of his work, and the regulations inflicted in the newspaper, recommending short sentences, short paragraphs, active verb, genuineness, compaction, lucidity and immediateness follows him throughout his calling. He subsequently said: # 8220 ; Those were the best regulations I of all time learned for the concern of authorship. I # 8217 ; ve neer forgotten them. # 8221 ; ( Wilson ) He lived, worked and wrote in Paris for the following six old ages, until he moved back to the US in 1928. Hemingway was an eager huntsman and fisher. He went on many runing campaign to Africa and was a passionate deep sea fisher. Hemingway # 8217 ; s love of nature and hunting is shown in many of his novels and short narratives, most clearly in the book The Old Man and The Sea from 1952. The battle between the adult male and the marlin is a superb description of bravery and staying power, and the old adult male seems to be the premier illustration of the Hemingway hero, a apogee of a life-time of composing that comes together in the character of Santiago. Hemingway settled in the US in 1928 and wrote much of his best work in the following ten-fifteen old ages. He worked as a letter writer in the Spanish Civil War in 1937, and covered the Normandy invasion and the release of Paris among others in the concluding face of World War II. Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. The narratives I have chosen for this essay, The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1938? ) , Hills like White Elephants ( 1927 ) , Cat in the Rain ( 1923? ) , The Killers ( 1927 ) and A Clean Illuminated Topographic point ( 1933 ) , have many things in common, but are besides distinguishable in their ain ways. All five are centered within a little geographic country, and the clip span of the narratives are comparatively short in all five. I will give a brief review of each narrative before I start analysing them exhaustively. The Snows of Kilimanjaro describes a twosome on a hunting campaign who has had an accident. The hubby, Harry, has injured his pes, and it became septic. Because of bad/wrong intervention of the lesion, he is easy deceasing. The married woman takes attention of him and attempts to supply for him the best she can, but in the terminal she can # 8217 ; t prevent him from deceasing. On his deathbed Harry contemplates his life and the things he neer did. Hills Like White Elephants is a narrative about a adult male and his girlfriend. On the surface it seams like they are sitting on a train station waiting for a train to Madrid. Upon closer scrutiny of the conversation there are marks that there is more to it than meets the oculus. In fact, she is pregnant and they are on their manner to acquire an abortion. This is what they really discuss. Cat in the Rain is besides a narrative about a twosome. The twosome, aged and likely affluent, is on vacation in Italy. The adult female sees a cat caught out in the rain and wants to travel downstairs and # 8220 ; salvage # 8221 ; it. When she gets down to the cat, the animate being is gone. However, the hotel-keeper comes to her deliverance and ulterior gets the cat in and brought up to their room. The Killers is a narrative about two work forces come ining a diner and discoursing with the director. They hold the director, the prick and the lone invitee by gunpoint and coerce them into the kitchen. Then they reveal that they are at that place to kill a adult male, Ole Andreson, but the adult male neer show up. The three # 8220 ; hostages # 8221 ; are released unhurt when Andreson doesn # 8217 ; t appear. As the invitee ( Nick Adams, a character in several Hemingway narratives ) goes to warn Andreson, he finds the adult male unaffected and small interested in seeking to get away. In A Clean Illuminated Place Hemingway takes the reader to a little caf? where two servers are holding a treatment about an old adult male who is the last leftover invitee. Apparently the adult male has tried to take his life earlier, and he is a regular invitee at the constitution. The youngest server wants to kick him out so he can travel place, while the older server sympathizes with the adult male and wants to allow him remain a spot longer. In the terminal the younger server kicks the old adult male out. # 8220 ; Maybe you could neer compose them, and that was why you put them off and delayed the starting. # 8221 ; The Snows of Kilimanjaro Hemingway # 8217 ; s The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a narrative about a adult male and his decease battle, his relationship to his married woman, and his remembrances of a distressing being. It is besides, more significantly, a narrative about authorship. Through the narrative of Harry, a delusory, deceasing, disintegrating author, Hemingway expresses his ain feelings about authorship, as an art, as a mean of fiscal support, and as an ineluctable impulse. When analysing the narrative, much focal point can be put on the failures of Harry. His failures to compose, his failures as a adult male, a hubby and a huntsman. Harry and his married woman ended up in the unfortunate place after Harry had an accident on their hunting trip, and wounded his leg. The leg has been infected and Harry is easy deceasing. As he is deceasing Harry contemplates his life and all the things he didn # 8217 ; t make, compose or state in his life-time. At his deathbed Harry find himself at the base of the mighty Kilimanjaro mountain, the highest point in Africa. He is looking up at the snow-clad top of the mountain, and at the terminal, as he passed off, he dreams that he reaches the top. Obviously the mountain plays a important function in the narrative, and this is besides shown in the rubric. In his decease dream, Harry dreams that this is where he is headed, but the reader leaves Harry in an indeterminate province and returns to the universe of the life, wer e in fact Harry has died in his bed. Harry, as a author, neer writes about the things which he most wants, and is hence a failure. Harry is the writer who can non convey himself to compose about his past experiences. The italicized parts of the narrative are the 1s about which Harry has ever desired, but neer been able, to compose. In fact, the italicized text is comprised of the experiences which would hold made good fiction, had they merely been written. Sadly, Harry is neer given the chance to compose these narratives because he has grown soft, he has lost the ability to make, he has failed as a author. Hemingway portrays Harry as a adult male who is a # 8220 ; failed creative person # 8221 ; , as an creative person who is fighting with his art, an art that Hemingway knows closely. In several of his short narratives, Ernest Hemingway uses one or more animate beings as symbols around which the narratives revolve. In The Snows Of Kilimanjaro, the carnal symbols can easy be observed. Hemingway uses two different animate beings to typify the individual Harry wishes is and the adult male he has really become. The leopard, even if it is merely seen in the gap paragraph of the narrative, is a symbol of what Harry wishes he was. It # 8217 ; s presence is of import throughout the narrative. In the gap paragraph, the reader is told the fable of the leopard carcase found at the top of Kilimanjaro. This leopard, it seems, was seeking the acme for some unknown ground. The leopard gives the reader associations of grace, velocity, strength, bravery, and self-respect. It is an animate being that acts with intent, with lightning velocity, and with truth. In this narrative, the leopard symbolizes all of these qualities, missing in Harry The hyaena is a symbol of qualities that are present in Harry. This barbarous scavenger, who all through the narrative circles the cantonment, waiting for Harry to decease, represents the scavenger-like qualities of Harry # 8217 ; s personality and his religious decease, which has occurred long before his physical 1. Because he was excessively afraid to seek, Harry neer was able to populate out his endowment resolutely, and he realizes that if he dies, he # 8220 ; would non hold to neglect at composing [ his ideas ] down # 8221 ; , and hence does non fight against decease. He simply awaits decease, anticipating to derive from it the religious enlightenment that others must work hard for. The hyaena is much closer related to Harry # 8217 ; s personality than the leopard. He has lived off the wealths of his married woman, naming his love for her # 8220 ; the prevarication he made his staff of life and butter by # 8221 ; . Harry lies crippled on a fingerstall while his married woman goes # 8220 ; to kill a piece of meat # 8221 ; , the cantonment is an extension of the existent universe in which Harry picks up the leftovers of others, merely as the hyaenas live off the leftovers of the better huntsmans. Every clip the hyaena appears in the narrative, it is someway associated with Harry # 8217 ; s decease. When Harry faces the realisation of his decease, it comes # 8220 ; with a haste. . . of a sudden evil-smelling emptiness. . . that the hyaena slipped lightly on the border of # 8221 ; and when decease eventually sets in, it is announced by the hyaena, with # 8220 ; a strange, homo, about shouting sound # 8221 ; Since it is with Harry # 8217 ; s psychological province that the hyaena is associated, it is non needfully of Harry # 8217 ; s physical decease that the hyaena is symbolic. It is merely every bit good a symbol of the psychological decease that has already occurred because of his inability to move resolutely and compose down his interior ideas. The physical decease is merely the last measure in this procedure. Besides the hyaena symbolizes decease itself. It is an animate being that lives of decease and dead animate beings, unable to run for itself. Towards the terminal the hyaena is replaced by Death, but in the concluding paragraph it is back as the symbol of Harry, both his life and his decease. The two animate beings in the narrative represent conflicting personality traits. Harry, in the terminal, dies as he lives, as a hyaena scavenging the leopard # 8217 ; s leftovers on the fields below the Kilimanjaro. Hemingway is known as a maestro of the insinuation, the dual significance. Besides in several other narratives he uses the carnal symbol as a description of the supporter or chief character. In Cat in the Rain, the carnal symbol is so indispensable to the narrative that it is described already in the rubric. This # 8220 ; cat in the rain # 8221 ; is symbolic of the emotional province of head of the American married woman. She is in a close drowned emotional province, caused by her hubbies apathy and deficiency of fondness. Hemingway besides establishes a bond between the adult female and the cat right from the start. She empathizes with the animate being and when it # 8217 ; s first observed seeking screen under the tabular array, it is described as # 8220 ; she # 8221 ; , even though the gender is clearly impossible to set up from three floors up. However this creates a bond in the readers mind between the cat and the American adult female. The American adult female # 8217 ; s empathy for the cat is shown through her continuity to deliver it from the rain, despite the fact that she has to travel out and acquire wet herself. She knows # 8220 ; it isn # 8217 ; t any merriment to be a hapless pool out in the rain # 8221 ; . It is shortly clear to the observant reader why the adult female emphasizes with the cat. ( Besides the fact that she likes cats. ) She herself feels like a cat drowning in the rain. Her hubby is the beginning of her emotional desperation, and he doesn # 8217 ; t truly give her the attending she deserves. When she tells him her desires, he is apathetic to her demands. The adult female wants the cat so she can keep it on # 8220 ; her lap and pet it as it purrs. # 8221 ; Obviously she is showing the desire to be loved and held. Possibly even the demand for person to stroke her, physically every bit good as emotionally. There are clearly strong sexual undertone in this narrative, as is the instance in several of Hemingway # 8217 ; s narratives. The adult female feels unwomanly, like a male child with her short hair. When the cat eventually is brought in from the rain, it is the hotel-keeper that has responded to the adult female # 8217 ; s demands and came to her ( or the cat # 8217 ; s ) deliverance, non her hubby. That is the same adult male that had caused in her # 8220 ; a fleeting feeling of supreme importance # 8221 ; , and in whom she admired # 8216 ; the manner he wanted to function her # 8221 ; . He has provided the adult female with the attending that she # 8217 ; s non having from her hubby, at least non emotionally. The sexual u ndertone suggests that the married woman might be satisfied by the hotel-keeper, emotionally every bit good as sexually. The sexual undertone, which is a hallmark in many of Hemingway # 8217 ; s novels and short narratives, is besides present in the narrative Hills Like White Elephants. In this narrative Hemingway portrays a twosome that on the surface is merely taking a trip, waiting for their train to get. At a first glimpse one is about led to believe that this is it, that these two people merely sit in the saloon and speak about imbibing and nil of importance. However, looking deeper into the conversation one can observe much more. They are evidently on their manner to some ( illegal ) clinic where she can hold an abortion. This is neer stated straight, but the conversation is clearly circling the topic. The characters in the narrative are besides described otherwise. They are introduced as the American and the miss, demoing that there is a age difference between them. The adult male is neer named, and non given much of a personality. The miss, subsequently named Jig, has more of a personality. She has a hard clip doing up her head whether or non to maintain the babe and has a job clearly saying what she thinks to the American. She thinks the abortion can salvage their relationship, while the adult male already has distanced himself from her and realized that they can’t travel back to where they were earlier. The characters are truly cryptic, we know nil about their lives but they seem to hold nil to make in life apart from sex and imbibing. They spend the clip imbibing, intoxicant is considered as aphrodisiac. They order # 8220 ; an? s # 8221 ; because she wants to seek new things, possibly she is sing the possibility of holding a new relationship or a new experience in life, but when she tastes it she says # 8220 ; it tastes like liquorice # 8221 ; which is a really common and non alien gustatory sensation, and she adds that # 8220 ; Everything gustatory sensations of liquorice. Particularly all the things you # 8217 ; ve waited so long for # 8230 ; # 8221 ; connoting that when you wait for something for a long clip, for case a relationship, one time you get it, it loses the enigma and entreaty. Subsequently on there is a mention to the modus operandi they seem to be in when she says that all they do is looking at things and seeking new drinks. The two briefly discuss their hereafter, and by that clip the attitude of the American sing the unborn kid is raging Jig. This is shown in her comment # 8220 ; And you think so we # 8217 ; ll be all right and be happy? # 8221 ; The irony in Jig # 8217 ; s inquiry is apparent, but the American is unmindful to the significance and tosses the capable aside and continues to discourse the # 8220 ; simple operation. # 8221 ; He is clearly afraid that she will alter her head about the operation, and he is all the clip seeking to reassure her in the determination. He openly refers to the operation as nil of importance, and really easy ; # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s merely to allow the air in # 8221 ; . The American feels that the gestation is a nuisance in their lives. The babe would intend the necessity to settle down and get down a household, and this would alter their life. They live a mobile life, traveling around a batch, and their bags are full of # 8220 ; labels from all the hotels they had spent nights. # 8221 ; At the terminal of the narrative the American says # 8220 ; we can hold the universe # 8221 ; and Jig answers # 8220 ; No, we can # 8217 ; t. It isn # 8217 ; t ours any longer? And one time they have taken it off, you neer acquire it back. # 8221 ; Here we can observe that Jig wants the kid, and knows that one time she has the operation she won # 8217 ; t be able to acquire the kid back. She # 8217 ; s besides afraid that after the operation the relationship will alter. The American is merely concerned about her holding the operation. He wants to convert her it is her determination, but leaves merely one option. He says # 8220 ; if you don # 8217 ; t want to you wear # 8217 ; Ts have to? But I know it # 8217 ; s absolutely simple. # 8221 ; He is the lone 1 who have no uncertainties about it. The symbolism in the narrative is non every bit obvious as in # 8220 ; Cat in the Rain # 8221 ; , but besides in this narrative Hemingway utilizes symbols to exemplify. The narrative takes topographic point in a train station in the vale of the Ebro, Spain. The train in the narrative could typify alteration, and the fact that it merely stops for two proceedingss illustrates the short clip in which Jig has to do a determination. At this point in clip abortion was surely non legal in Catholic Spain, and the determination had to be taken rapidly. In a manner the train symbolizes the journey of life. Many things in the narrative is related to birthrate and aridity. The subject of gestation and abortion is illustrated through the rubric of the narrative where # 8220 ; Hills Like White Elephants # 8221 ; refer to the form of the abdomen of a pregnant adult female. The first feeling you get when you start reading the text is that it is situated in the center of a dry, sterile topographic point under the Sun, with no shadiness or trees. It reinforces the thought of deficiency of life but in contrast, the people are in the warm shadow of the edifice where life is. This emphasizes the contrast between the gestation of the adult female, as being fertile, and everything around them, including him. They are besides separated from the remainder of the people that are inside the saloon from a bamboo bead drape, it gives the thought of privateness reinforced by the thought of the warm shadow of the edifice that protects them from the universe that exists inside the saloon, they are outside , with nature. The unusual name of the miss, Jig, is besides slightly symbolic. It is the name of a lively dance and it can besides mention to # 8220 ; a peculiar kind of behaviour or activity which varies harmonizing to the state of affairs that person is in # 8221 ; ( Collins Cobuild Dictionary ) . I discovered this by opportunity looking up the dance, but that significance of the name clearly shows that Hemingway didn # 8217 ; t pick the name out of the air. The name implies that she can alter her head about the abortion, and the American is afraid that this might go on. He is all the clip seeking to reassure her in the determination. After the first introductory paragraph, the duologue between the two people start. The duologue seems insouciant, but through it we can infer the sort of relationship they have. The linguistic communication is simple, but it # 8217 ; s still showing feelings. The existent subject of the conversation is non clearly stated but it is underlying, they are speaking about love, feelings and her gestation. The tenseness is in the air, but is non expressed openly, possibly because of a fright of being overheard ( since they are speaking about an illegal act ) , or possibly it # 8217 ; s merely a job of communicating and of sharing feelings. There are some mentions to gender in the signifier of phallic symbols, such as # 8220 ; An? s del Toro # 8221 ; , the bull being a symbol of virility and strength. It # 8217 ; s the miss, Jig, who starts the duologue and she is the 1 taking the determinations, connoting that the determination for the abortion in the terminal will be hers. The American avoids the subject at first, altering the topic and talk about simple things such as the conditions. Like most work forces, he has a job demoing his feelings. The narrative besides shows another trait of Hemingway # 8217 ; s narratives ; the usage of Spanish ( foreign ) words and sentences. The adult male orders # 8220 ; dos cervezas # 8221 ; from the saloon lady. One can presume that she doesn # 8217 ; t talk English, but subsequently on he orders and she replies in English. However, from the context of the narrative it is clear that this conversation besides takes topographic point in Spanish, but that in order non to interpret the whole conversation merely the first word exchange was kept in Spanish to put the phase. The usage of Spanish word and sentences is besides shown in the narrative A Clean Illuminated Topographic point. This narrative is, like # 8220 ; Hills Like White Elephants # 8221 ; , set in a little Spanish town and about the full narrative takes topographic point inside a little # 8220 ; caf? . # 8221 ; The chief portion of the narrative is the conversation between the two servers. The younger server is impatient to acquire place to his married woman, and angry at the old adult male who # 8217 ; s maintaining them at that place so late. The other server is older, single and in no haste to acquire place. He empathizes with the old adult male, and understand his demand to remain at that place. In fact he states that # 8220 ; I am of those who like to remain tardily at the caf? . # 8221 ; The older server shows concern for the old adult male, and he is the 1 who knows about the niece and the suicide effort. As the narrative progresses, the character of the two servers emerges t hrough their duologue and ideas, as does many of Hemingway # 8217 ; s characters. The usage of Spanish words in this narrative, proposing it takes topographic point in Spain, emerges at the terminal of the narrative, as the older server walks of entirely and visits some saloon. When the barman asks what he wants, the adult male answers in Spanish: # 8220 ; Nada # 8221 ; . The barman replies in Spanish # 8220 ; Otro loco mas # 8221 ; proposing that, as is the instance with the conversation between the adult male and the server in Hills Like White Elephants, the whole conversation really takes topographic point in Spanish. The scene of the narrative in Spain could besides be supported by the milieus of the caf? . The soldier passing by with his sweetie, and the two work forces # 8217 ; s remarks at the clip suggests that it is in the period of the absolutism before the civil war, or during the war. Their remarks that the guards will acquire him could indicate to a clip of struggle. ( Like the civil war. ) In the narrative the older server possesses many of the typical character traits of the Hemingway hero. He is reserved, judgmental and thoughtful, much like Harry in # 8220 ; The Snows of Kilimanjaro # 8221 ; . He takes the old adult male in his defence, and shows concern for him. He says he knows how nice it is to be in a clean, illuminated topographic point alternatively of in some noisy, soiled saloon. He doesn # 8217 ; t mind remaining in the saloon a small longer so the adult male can complete up in his ain gait. At the terminal he has a # 8220 ; treatment # 8221 ; with himself, contemplating his life and faith and the emptiness of his being. This is another analogue to the character of Harry. As A Clean Illuminated Topographic point and Hills like White Elephants, the narrative The Killers is placed in a small topographic point. This narrative is situated inside a little diner in a little town called Summit. The narrative begins as two work forces, instantly striking the reader as rude and unpleasant work forces, enters and starts to harass the director, George. There is merely one client in the diner except the two mobsters, and he is rapidly intimidated by the work forces. The client, Nick Adams, is a character Hemingway writes about in several narratives. Like the two other narratives mentioned before, this narrative is simply told as if person is outside registering what happens. Hemingway frequently writes his narratives like that, as if observed by a camera. Besides the duologue in the narrative is typical of Hemingway. It is the duologue that carries the action of the narrative and there is no demand for much account except to depict certain actions. The manner of much duologue and a composing the manner people speak is something Hemingway Masterss absolutely. The emotion behind the duologue is besides easy to descry in most Hemingway narratives. In this narrative it seems as if Andreson doesn # 8217 ; t care about his life any longer. Like Harry in The Snows of Kilimanjaro, he simply accepts the fact that he # 8217 ; s deceasing. Neither Andreson or Harry is making anything to avoid their fate, even though in both instances they could likely at least postpone decease. Andreson simply says # 8220 ; there # 8217 ; s nil I can make about it # 8221 ; and he merely stays apathetic in his room. The fact that he haven # 8217 ; t been out all twenty-four hours points to him already cognizing about the mobsters from Chicago, and as George suggests, he likely got in to some sort of problem in Chicago. Decision: Hemingway by and large use much duologue and writes in a colloquial manner. All five of the narratives I have chosen contain a batch of duologue and the characters carry the action of the narrative through their conversation. Hemingway, like William Faulkner, was an expert in composing human duologue. The symbolism in Hemingway # 8217 ; s narratives are frequently taking signifier of animate beings, but besides other symbols are normally used. In several of his short narratives, Ernest Hemingway uses one or several animate beings as symbols around which the narratives revolve. As cardinal symbols, Hemingway # 8217 ; s animate beings are the manifestations of the psychological provinces and emotional desires of the chief characters in the narratives and are used to enable the reader # 8217 ; s apprehensiveness of the frequently unexpressed psychological forces that motivate them. The sexual undertone is besides frequently a strong presence in Hemingway # 8217 ; s narratives. As the conversation goes on the feeling that there is more to what the character say emerges, and one can understand the underlying, dual significance of the narrative. This is something notably of Hemingway. Often he is characterized as the # 8220 ; maestro of insinuation and dual meaning. # 8221 ; The geographical arrangement of Hemingway # 8217 ; s narratives are normally limited to minimal physical scenes, and the clip span is short. All five narratives discussed here are limited to a small topographic point, whether that is a saloon, train station, caf? , diner or the little hunting cantonment on the great fields of Africa. This is a usual trait in many short narratives, and this is a trait Hemingway frequently uses. The adult females, or the back uping characters, in Hemingway # 8217 ; s narratives are frequently weak and indecisive. The married woman in The Snows of Kilimanjaro, the adult female in Cat in the Rain and the miss in Hills Like White Elephants are all either weak or treated severely without them making anything about it. Harry # 8217 ; s married woman in The Snows of Kilimanjaro is non even named, even though we get to cognize Harry good through the narrative. Jig in Hills Like White Elephants seems to be a strong adult female. However, the manner she is treated and the fact that she most probably will give in to the adult males whishes and have the abortion, tells us that she isn # 8217 ; t strong plenty to stand up for herself after all. Hemingway has a inclination to handle the adult females in his narratives severely, and the male characters of his narratives is frequently emotionally cold and doesn # 8217 ; t show much feelings. This could be a contemplation of his ain life, Hemingway was married several times and neer seemed emotionally stabile. He finally even took his life. Hemingway # 8217 ; s characters are normally nomadic and unattached. Often they are people who are going in unusual and unfamiliar environments, in train Stationss, on campaign, at diners or bars, at the races or in the bull contending sphere. He writes about lovers, frequently rupturing each other apart. He writes about the old author on his deathbed, peeking up at the snow covered top of Kilimanjaro and believing about everything his life should hold been. He writes about the alone old adult male, patiently sitting in the clean illuminated topographic point every bit long as he can, merely to bury about whatever it is waiting for him out in the dark. He writes about the old adult male contending the marlin in his small boat, merely to turn out to himself that he can crush the sea one more clip. Hemingway is one of the greatest authors of our century, and his narratives will populate on to divert many coevalss to come. Jan-Erik Saue Bibliography: Wilson, M. , # 8220 ; No Man Alone # 8211 ; A life of Ernest Hemingway # 8221 ; , hypertext transfer protocol: //members.aol.com/Mwilson311/Hemingway/biography.htm, visited November 13, 1998 Pickering, James H. , # 8220 ; Fiction 100 -An Anthology of Short Stories # 8221 ; 8th ed. , Prentice-Hall inc. New Jersey, 1998 Hemingway, Ernest # 8220 ; Short Stories # 8221 ; Charles Scribner # 8217 ; Sons New York, 1953 Wilson, M. , # 8220 ; No Man Alone # 8211 ; A life of Ernest Hemingway # 8221 ; , hypertext transfer protocol: //members.aol.com/Mwilson311/Hemingway/biography.htm, visited November 13, 1998 Pickering, James H. , # 8220 ; Fiction 100 -An Anthology of Short Stories # 8221 ; 8th ed. , Prentice-Hall inc. New Jersey, 1998 Hemingway, Ernest # 8220 ; Short Stories # 8221 ; Charles Scribner # 8217 ; Sons New York, 1953

Redundant Object Pronouns in Spanish

Redundant Object Pronouns in Spanish Although by definition, pronouns are words that stand for nouns, it is common in Spanish to use a pronoun, particularly an object pronoun, in addition to the noun it stands for. Such use of redundant object pronouns occurs most commonly in the following situations. When the Object of a Verb Precedes the Verb Placing the object before the verb, while certainly common in Spanish (and possible in English to give a sentence literary flavor), can be at least slightly confusing to the listener. So placing a redundant object pronoun helps make it clearer which noun is the subject of the verb. The redundant object pronoun in these cases is mandatory or nearly so, even when the form of the verb (such as it being plural) might seem sufficient to indicate what the subject and object of the verb are. For example, in the sentence El buffet de desayuno lo tenemos de mià ©rcoles a domingo (We have the breakfast buffet from Wednesday to Sunday), buffet de desayuno is the object of the verb tenemos. The lo (which isnt translated but in this case would be the equivalent of it) is redundant but still required. Some examples, with the redundant object and pronoun in boldface: Al presidente le vamos a preguntar quà © es lo que ha ocurrido. Were going to ask the president what it is that has happened.La piscina la encontramos muy sucia. We found the swimming pool very dirty.Los instrumentos los compraron gracias al apoyo financiero de su madre. They bought the instruments thanks to the financial support of their mother. Youll probably come across the redundant object pronoun most often with gustar and verbs similar to gustar, which normally put the object ahead of the verb. Note that when these verbs are used, they are usually translated with the object in Spanish being the subject of the English translation. A Cristal le gusta estar rodeada de gente. Cristal likes to be surrounded by people.A Sakura le encantaba ir al parque a jugar. Sakura loved going to the park to play. To Provide Emphasis Sometimes, especially in Latin America, the redundant pronoun may be used even when the object appears after the verb in order to provide emphasis. For example, in Gracias a ella lo conocà ­ a à ©l (thanks to her, I met him), the lo remains even though the speaker added a à ©l to call attention to the person the speaker met. We might convey a similar thought in English by placing strong stress on him. When the Object of the Verb Is Todo   Although not required, todo (or its variations) as an object is sometimes accompanied by a redundant pronoun that matches it in number and gender. En sus ojos lo puedo ver todo. In your eyes I can see everything.Tengo mucha fà © que los van a rescatar a todos vivos. I have a lot of faith that they are going to rescue everyone alive. To Repeat the Object of a Verb in a Relative Clause   Sometimes people will use a grammatically unnecessary object pronoun in a relative clause (one that follows a  subordinate conjunction). For example, in Hay otros aspectos del gobierno que los aprendemos (There are other aspects of the government that we learned), the los isnt needed, but it helps link aprendemos to aspectos. This usage isnt particularly common and is sometimes considered grammatically incorrect.

Company Law and Business Client Research Proposal

Company Law and Business Client - Research Proposal Example A company on incorporation is a legal entity or person distinct from its members and its property is not the property of the members. The national and domicile of the company is determined by its place of registration. A company incorporated in the U.K will normally have British Nationality as well as English or Scottish Domicile. In general, residence depends upon the place where central control and management of the company is located. A company registered under the companies act 1948, is not entitled to carry on business in such a way or under such a name, as to represent that its business is the business of any other company or firm or person and the absence of fraud is immaterial A corporation or a limited company which is incorporated has a corporate existence apart from the members constituting the same. A corporation has been defined as a collection of individuals united into one body under a special denomination having perpetual succession under an artificial form and vested by the policy of law with the capacity of acting in several respects as an individual. In particular, a corporation should have the capability of taking and granting properties, of contracting obligations and of suing and being sued in the course of transacting its business. The ideas inherent in the definition of a corporation are: 1. It should have continuous identity. 2. It is intangible. 3. It is an entity distinct from its constituent members. Contents of the Articles of Association. The articles of association set out rules for the internal management of the company. Great care must be taken in drafting the Articles of Association. The Articles of a company may be altered by a special resolution. Where Articles of Association are not registered, or if the Articles are registered in so far as they do not exclude or modify the regulation in Table A , those regulations so far as applicable are the regulations of the company in the same manner and to the same extent as if they were contained in duly registered articles. If the company intends to issue shares or stock warrants, special authority for that

ISMG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

ISMG - Essay Example The supply is controlled by the weather while the demand is controlled by spikes and shifts in demand like for other manufacturers. Due to the supply being clustered in one area and the processes after harvest being too many it raised a lot of problems for the company in terms of costs. The company needed a system that could solve the problem of line utilization, scheduling, reducing inventory, transportation costs and lead time. The sales and operations (S&OP) program was adopted to help alleviate these problems. It was meant to handle problems such as unanticipated demand, shortages in supply, and production disruptions. The paper-based spreadsheet system that the company previously used became inadequate in supporting the complex nature of the business while also not meeting demands of the company. This is mainly because the company was too big and more complex while the spreadsheets relied on outdated data that required a lot of effort to analyze. The S&OP program is implemented in different stages with the first stage being scrubbing all the previous data and unifying it in one database. This step was mainly meant to ensure that all the participants of the supply chain worked together with each other and understood the other departments accordingly. This was followed by a five phase implementation program to show value of S&OP program early in the transformation. The first phase required improving demand visibility that necessitated better communication at the decision making level while also ensuring that every member of the group gained same data and each other’s goals. The program also helped in training the users of the program while also testing the scalability of the program without disrupting the company’s existing workflow. The statistical forecasts and preparing plans for price changes and promotions in future and an analysis of demand data was also improved thereby

Problems of excessive meat consumption

Problems of excessive meat consumption PROBLEM Nowadays, meat consumption is becoming an uncontrollable problem. As a result of high consumption, different kinds of issues occurred. It is possible to sum these issues up in two major groups as health and environment. Red meat consumption linked to increase risk of total, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. Meat consumption also increases the risk of diabetes. According to new research from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) when people eat more meat than usual, their risk of getting diabetes will be increased by 50 percent. In fact, same study shows that people who decreased their meat consumption lowered their diabetes risk will increase 14 percent. On the other side environmental problems are also vital. For instance, it ought to be 60 pounds of water to produce one pound of potatoes while 2,500 pounds of water for a pound of beef. Health Issues: Cancer There are a lot of studies about the relationship between diet and Cancer. According to the searches in England and Germany, the meat consumers are 40 percent more likely to have Cancer than the vegetarians. Again Harvard studies show that people who eat meat everyday have almost three times the colon cancer risk, compared to other people. There are many reasons for this result. During the cooking meat, some mutagenic compounds are produced like HCAs and they are very dangerous for our health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are another reason for Cancer. Especially broiling and grilling meat produce these kind hydrocarbons (Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk). So, these chemicals penetrate our body via meat. Breast Cancer: The fat comes from animal products, such as meat and dairy products increases the rate of breast cancer. For women who can eat meat daily has an 8.5 times higher risk of this cancer than poorer women who can eat make once a month (Hirayama, 1978). Colorectal Cancer: Red meat is a great factor for colon cancer. According to another Harvard research, consuming beef, pork or lamb have approximately three times the risk compared to people that avoid these meats (Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk). Mainly, colorectal cancer is another effect of meat consumption. Prostate Cancer: As with breast cancer, if a man takes dietary fat, especially from animal products, increases his testosterone product and this causes increasing of prostate cancer risk. There are two large studies at Harvard University about this issue. According to one of them, the men who eat red meat everyday have 2.5 times risk compared to the men who eat it once a week (Giovannucci, et al., 1993). Put simply, meat consumption also causes prostate cancer. Other Cancers: In addition to these cancers, there are several researches about kidney, pancreatic and other kinds of cancer. Commonly, similar reasons such as much meat consumption and much intake of fat increase cancer risk. Otherwise, the same sources claim that vegetarian diets protect us against the cancer (Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk). Thus people have to avoid meat consumption. Heart Disease Vegetarian people’s intake of calories and fat is lower than non-vegatarians do. Thus, they have lower risk of heart disease. Regular consumption of red meat especially processed ones, increase mortality risk directly (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Meat consumption clearly causes deaths. Indirect Factors People who consumed high levels of red meat have less-than-healthy body weights. Meat consumption makes them also want to smoke and drink (Sarich, 2013). All these factors are another way to die younger. Environment Issues: Meat consumption has a big impact on the environment. It is considered as the most important reason for the Global Warming. Animal farming is the major source of carbon dioxide. Unfortunately there is no such a thing as sustainable, humane meat production. Changing the source of your meat and preferring farms which seem to be care about ecology do not change the facts. Any farm cannot change the effect of farm animals. The combined emissions of animals are more than all transportation systems. Lindsay Wilson compares the carbon footprints of five different American diets in her article titled ‘The Carbon Footprint of 5 Diets Compared’. As stated in the article, studies allocate diets in five different ways: Meat Lover Diet, Average Person Diet, No Beef Diet, Vegetarian Diet and Vegan diet. It is an important factor that the studies only attach importance to the emissions rates. They do not include storage, transportation emissions. http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Plates.gif According to the article, ‘A vegetarian’s footprint is about two thirds of the average American and almost half that of a meat lover’. We can see that there is a huge difference between the vegetarian and meat lover life style in terms of carbon food print. On the other hand vegan diet leads the ecological nutrition as usual. The health secretary of U.K, Andy Burnham said that ‘Climate change can seem a distant, impersonal threat; in fact the associated costs to health are a very real and present danger’. He emphasizes that everyone should cut back on the amount of meat and meat products they eat. Even going meatless once a week (Meatless Mondays) has a big positive impact on the environment. Another ecological issue is the water consumption. According to the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization’s report titled Livestock’s Long Shadow (2006) by the year 2050, 2/3 of the World population will lack clean water even for their basic needs. There is a hidden water use behind meat production. It takes 60 pounds of water to produce one pound of potatoes. On the other hand, it takes more than 20,000 pounds of water to produce a pound of beef. According to PETA, all but half of the water used in the U.S, used to raise the animals for food. We would save more water if we do not eat a pound of beef than we do by not showering for six months they say! As a result, in any case it is beneficial for us to cut back meat. Every small step is important. Graham Hill, the founder of TreeHugger.com states the importance of small steps in his Ted talk titled ‘Why I’m a weekday vegetarian’. At the end of his speech there is a very unique expression which give hope to us: ‘’If all of us ate half as much meat, it would be like half of us were vegetarians’’. SOLUTIONS At the present time, high numbers of projects have been developing about meat consumption in USA. Such as Meatless Monday, Eating Better, Tax Meat and Earth Friendly Diet Campaign. These projects are supported by society organizations, government and celebrities. Projects which are considerable are listed below: Meatless Monday: It is a project which encourages people not to eat meat on Mondays. The aim of this project is to improve peoples health. The project was founded by Sid Lerner in 2003. It is an association withJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The reason that they choose Monday is that people are not exactly living healthy during weekends, so not eating meat on Mondays would help them to get back to their usual eating habits. Monday also represents a fresh start. In order to give a support to this project some celebrities are going meatless on Mondays. Such as; Sir Richard Branson (founder of Virgin Group), Denise Richards (actress), Jessica Simpson (actress, singer), Oprah (TV star), Kate Moss (model). Eat Better (Live Better): This movement believes that living better starts with eating better. In order to eat better, you need to be informed about food according to them. They share recipes varying on different needs as vegetarians, Low Carb, Sodium and Gluten free diets. Tax Meat: This movement Tax Meat is started by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). They are trying to convince the government to put tax on meat because of two reasons. One of them is animal products contain remarkable amounts of cholesterol and it is unhealthy to consume by people. Secondly, studies show that there is a connection between cancer and the consumption of meat. Take Extinction off Your Plate (Earth Friendly Diet Campaign): Take Extinction off Your Plate aims to save the wildlife by helping to decrease the amount of meat consumption across the country. It was launched in 2014 in Tucson, AZ. They started a campaign called Earth Friendly Diet. It basically supports being a vegan and it is trying to attract people into being a vegan. They claim thatâ€Å"By cutting just one-third of the meat from our diets, we can each save as much as 340,667 gallons of water, more than 4,000 square feet of land, and the greenhouse gas equivalent of driving 2,700 fewer miles a year.† EVALUATION Meat Consumption is one of the oldest habits of human life. Therefore cutting or even decreasing meat consumption is a huge mountain to climb. To convince people not to eat meat, it needs to be put forward certain reasons. Since it is about convincing; taxing the meat or in another words forbidding meat in a way, is not a steady solution. Wealthy part of the society won’t be coaction by taxing while the other part will. So this situation can easily cause social problems. For this reason Tax Meat project maybe a little part of the solution but definitely cannot be the best. Take Extinction off Your Plate is a kind of limited movement. The project intends to make people vegan. Given this evidence it may sound that it is an agreeable idea but in real it is not. Forwhy to want people be a vegan is leaving an alarming impression. In simple the cure is worse than the disease. When people heard that offer they may remain at bay. Eat Better Live Better project seems not to be adequate. Although it has some actionary parts, turnout of the project is just advisory, it is not satisfying, not like Meatless Monday. The project of Meatless Monday has a certain message. Those who partaken know what to do, why they are doing it and beyond that it is very easy to do, they don’t eat meat Mondays. Most of the people accept Monday as an opportunity for a fresh start to a new week. Meatless Monday followers are increasing each passing day. It is easier to start a plant-based lifestyle via not eating meat once a week. It will be much easier for willing people to become a weekday vegetarian first, which can be followed by a whole vegetarianism. This simple idea achieves a considerable amount of benefits. Works Cited Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Chut, C. C., Willett, W. C. (1993). A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of The National Cancer Institute, 1571-1579. Hirayama, T. (1978). Epidemiology of breast cancer with special reference to the role of diet. Preventive Medicine, 173-195. Mayo Clinic. (2011, September 16). Meatless meals: The benefits of eating less meat. Retrieved from The Website of Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/meatless-meals/art-20048193 Meat Consumption and Cancer Risk. (n.d.). Retrieved from Physicians Committe for Responsible Medicine: http://www.pcrm.org/health/cancer-resources/diet-cancer/facts/meat-consumption-and-cancer-risk Sarich, C. (2013, July 21). Harvard Says Reducing Red Meat Consumption can Extend Life by 20%. Retrieved from Natural Society: http://naturalsociety.com/reducing-red-meat-consumption-extend-life-20-percent/#ixzz2zdnAhdzY